As of MCAF R4, parameter customization is available through the Customize page of motorBench® Development Suite, which provides access to various parameters that affect code generation.
This section provides additional guidance for setting these parameters.
Please note: MCAF has been designed so that the default values for customizable parameters are applicable to most motors. In the event that it is unclear what to do, the best course of action is to use the default value of each parameter.
The following table describes these parameters briefly. Links to detailed guidance are included.
Section |
Parameter |
Description |
|---|---|---|
Current measurement |
Selects which method is used to measure motor phase currents |
|
Single channel |
Minimum time window required to measure current |
|
Single channel |
Delay between inverter switching state and ADC sampling point |
|
Estimators |
Selects which estimator is used for commutation and velocity feedback |
|
Estimators |
Selects which estimators are active, in addition to the primary estimator used for commutation |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines minimum operating velocity |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines startup velocity |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines maximum velocity command, as a ratio of nominal motor velocity |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines full-scale velocity, as a ratio of nominal motor velocity |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines the variable controlled by the outer control loop |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines saliency ratio below which the motor’s saliency is neglected |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines maximum velocity slew rate in motoring quadrants |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines maximum velocity slew rate in generating quadrants |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines which type (if any) of dynamic current limit algorithm to use |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines which type (if any) of closed-loop stopping to use |
|
Operating parameters |
speed at which the motor is considered stopped |
|
Operating parameters |
time duration where the motor is below the stopping speed, after which the motor is considered stopped |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines velocity threshold used to estimate when a motor stops |
|
Operating parameters |
Determines time to wait until a motor stops |
|
Flux control |
Selects flux control method (or “None” if disabled) |
|
Flux control |
Selects method used for defining the commanded Idq boundary |
|
Flux control |
Determines the maximum negative d-axis current |
|
Flux control |
Determines the maximum q-axis current |
|
Flux control |
Determines if flux weakening is enabled |
|
Flux control |
Determines the voltage amplitude limit used in flux weakening (FW) |
|
Flux control |
Determines if MTPA is enabled |
|
Flux control |
Displays the maximum d-axis current allocated to MTPA, as a function of \(L_d - L_q\) and \(I_{\max}\) (Indication only) |
|
Flux control |
Displays the maximum increase in torque due to MTPA (Indication only) |
|
Dead-time compensation |
Selects dead-time compensation method (or “None” if disabled) |
|
Dead-time compensation |
Determines linear range of currents used for deadtime compensation; larger currents are treated as ±1 |
|
Dead-time compensation |
Determines gain for dead-time compensation in the forward path |
|
Dead-time compensation |
Determines gain for dead-time compensation in the feedback path |
|
Fault detection |
Determines undervoltage threshold margin |
|
Fault detection |
Determines overvoltage threshold margin |
|
Fault detection |
Determines if stall detect is enabled |
|
Startup |
Determines current used during startup |
|
Startup |
Determines current rampup time during startup |
|
Startup |
Determines time to remain in the align state during startup |
|
Startup |
Determines minimum acceleration time during startup |
|
Startup |
Determines fast acceleration rate |
|
Startup |
Determines slow acceleration rate |
|
Startup |
Determines time to remain in the hold state during startup |
|
Startup |
Determines speed threshold for switching to fast acceleration |
|
Startup |
Determines rate of angle convergence during closed-loop transition of classic startup |
|
Startup |
Selects startup method |
|
Startup |
Determines maximum amplitude of active damping current |
|
Startup |
Determines maximum gain of active damping |
|
Startup |
Determines the minimum velocity to enable active damping |
|
Overmodulation |
Determines the maximum d-axis voltage |
|
Overmodulation |
Determines the maximum q-axis voltage |
|
Overmodulation |
Determines when in the forward path duty cycle feedback is obtained |
|
AN1292 PLL |
Specifies the velocity estimation time constant |
|
AN1292 PLL |
Specifies the loop filter bandwidth |
|
AN1292 PLL |
Determines maximum velocity for slow filtering in the PLL |
|
Quadrature encoder |
Specifies the number of lines of the encoder |
|
Quadrature encoder |
Specifies whether an index pulse is present |
|
Quadrature encoder |
Determines bandwidth of tracking loop |
|
Quadrature encoder |
Selects method of synchronizing encoder with back-emf |
|
Quadrature encoder |
Duration of alignment phase of startup |
|
Quadrature encoder |
Determines angle shift between rampup and align states of startup |
|
Quadrature encoder |
Determines initial angle used in rampup state of startup |
|
Quadrature encoder |
Determines rotation rate during align state of startup, when using align-and-sweep method |
|
Quadrature encoder |
Determines setup angle of align-and-sweep method, to allow transients to settle prior to measurements |
|
Quadrature encoder |
Determines rotor slip threshold used for detecting a pullout condition |
|
Dynamic current limit |
Determines peak current |
|
Dynamic current limit |
Determines horizon current |
|
Dynamic current limit |
Determines relaxation time constant |
|
Dynamic current limit |
Determines decimation ratio |
|
Voltage control |
Determines q-axis low pass filter time constant |
|
Voltage control |
Determines voltage controller proportional gain |
|
Voltage control |
Determines voltage controller time constant |
|
Motion Control API |
Determines the time constant used for calculating low pass filtered value of amplitude of current in the motor (Is) |
|
Motion Control API |
Determines the time constant used for calculating low pass filtered value of the measured q-axis current in the motor (Iq) |
|
Motion Control API |
Determines if the ADC ISR user functions are called periodically in the MCAF ISR |
|
Board Service |
Determines the rate at which the board service ISR tasks get executed. |
|
Board Service |
Determines the length of time required to register a logical high signal as a button press. |
|
Board Service |
Determines the amount of time before a button press is detected as a long button press. |
|
Optional analog inputs |
Determines if the temperature bridge ADC input is sampled |
|
Optional analog inputs |
Determines threshold for triggering an overtemperature fault |
|
Optional analog inputs |
Determines temperature low-pass filter time constant |
|
Optional analog inputs |
Determines temperature slew rate |
|
Optional analog inputs |
Determines if the absolute voltage reference ADC input is sampled |
|
Optional analog inputs |
Determines if the phase A ADC input is sampled |
|
Optional analog inputs |
Determines if the phase C ADC input is sampled |
|
Optional analog inputs |
Determines if the phase C ADC input is sampled |
Several current measurement algorithms have been implemented for obtaining phase current measurements and adapting them for use in the feedback path of field-oriented control. Each method has different hardware requirements, and are available depending on the current measurement capability of the selected board:
Single channel (“single-shunt”) — requires a DC link current shunt resistor
Dual channel (“dual-shunt”) — requires two phase current shunt resistors
Triple channel (“triple-shunt”) — requires three phase current shunt resistors
New in version R7.
Single channel (“single-shunt”) samples the DC link current at different inverter switching states to reconstruct the three phase currents.
New in version R7.
Minimum time window \(t_{\mathrm{sample}}\) required to measure current signal using single channel. This time is added to the PWM dead time so that \(t_{\mathrm{crit}} = t_{\mathrm{deadtime}} + t_{\mathrm{sample}}\).
New in version R7.
Delay between the inverter switching state and the ADC sampling point. This delay may be required to avoid ringing current signals due to the inverter switching state, which can reduce the accuracy of single channel current measurement.
New in version R7.
One position and velocity estimator must be chosen for use in commutation and velocity feedback.
Available estimators as of MCAF R7:
New in version R5.
(Previously this choice was made on the Configure page in motorBench® Development Suite.)
In addition to the primary estimator, additional estimators may be selected. (Only the primary estimator is used for commutation and velocity feedback.)
Usage of more than one estimator — particularly the quadrature encoder, which has higher angle and velocity accuracy — is recommended for troubleshooting or validation purposes. Please note that this will increase CPU and memory requirements.
New in version R4.
Minimum velocity \(\omega_{\min}\) was moved in MCAF R5 to the Customize page from the Configure page. It is used in MCAF in two ways:
Determines the lower limit of the adjustable velocity range
In autotuning, determines dynamics of the sensorless estimator model; stability and performance of sensorless estimators are poorer at lower velocities, so lowering the minimum velocity will generally result in a lower-bandwidth velocity control loop to ensure stability.
Minimum velocity \(\omega_{\min}\) was previously used as the transition velocity at motor startup. As of MCAF R7, the startup velocity parameter determines the transition velocity at motor startup.
New in version R5.
Determines the transition velocity at motor startup \(\omega_1\), from open-loop commutation to closed-loop commutation. (Before MCAF R7, minimum velocity \(\omega_{\min}\) was used.) This parameter is constrained so that startup velocity \(\omega_1\) must be greater than or equal to minimum velocity \(\omega_{\min}\).
New in version R7.
Increase or decrease the maximum allowed velocity command, as a ratio of nominal motor velocity. The default value is sufficient in most cases. Increasing may be appropriate for motors with a wide flux weakening range above the nominal velocity.
New in version R6.
The full-scale velocity controls the numerical representation of motor velocity. Increase to allow more design margin against overflow.
New in version R6.
There are two choices for the variable that is controlled by the outer loop controller:
The velocity controller parameters are configurable in the tuning page, while the voltage controller parameters are configurable in the Customize page.
New in version R7.
Saliency ratio \(\xi = L_q/L_d\) helps determine whether the full-saliency motor model is used. This is a more complicated motor model, used in certain algorithms such as the ATPLL estimator, MTPA, and flux weakening. The full-saliency motor model takes both inductances into account, but requires slightly more computation. Since most permanent-magnet motors are non-salient, \(\xi \approx 1\) and the saliency can be neglected, saving CPU cycles.
This threshold sets the minimum saliency to use the full-saliency motor model. Increasing the threshold can be used to neglect saliency if the extra computation is not desirable.
New in version R6.
Maximum acceleration (in motoring quadrants) and deceleration (in generating quadrants) can be adjusted. Increasing the slew rates will increase the motor current required during acceleration or deceleration.
Determining maximum deceleration during regeneration must be done with some care: the motor drive converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, which must go somewhere, such as a battery or a dynamic brake resistor. Without a viable outlet for that energy, the DC link voltage will rise until the motor controller detects this and shuts down, or until one of the capacitors or transistors fails and dissipates this energy destructively.
New in version R5.
The controlled d-axis and q-axis currents may have a fixed limit, or the limit may change based on the motor current if short higher-current transients are desired. Two options are available for dynamic current limit:
None
New in version R7.
There are three stopping modes in MCAF that affect the
motor stopping behavior in the STOPPING state.
Minimal-impact PWM — Phase currents quickly reach zero. Does not allow estimators to operate during stopping.
Closed-loop current — Controls the q-axis current to zero. Allows estimators to operate during stopping.
Closed-loop velocity — Controls the velocity to zero. Allows estimators to operate during stopping.
New in version R7.
There are two closed-loop stopping parameters used to define the condition at which the motor is considered
stopped, before the state machine transitions from the STOPPING state to the STOPPED state.
Speed threshold
Time threshold
For a transition from STOPPING to STOPPED, the motor speed must fall and remain below the speed
threshold for at least the time threshold. This implementation is to avoid short speed transients below the
speed threshold causing a false motor stop. Figure 6.1 shows an
example with the speed threshold set to 75 RPM and the time threshold set to 1.0 s. The state machine transitions
to STOPPED only when the time threshold has fully elapsed while the motor speed remains below the speed threshold.
Figure 6.1 State machine transition from STOPPING to STOPPED with closed-loop stopping active.¶
New in version R7.
With the stopping mode set to minimal-impact PWM, there are two interrelated coastdown parameters used to estimate the time required to bring the motor to a stop, before it can be safely restarted:
velocity threshold
time
The resulting coastdown time is used in the STOPPING state before
proceeding to the STOPPED state.
New in version R5.
See the section on flux control for more information.
Selects which flux control method is used, from among the following:
“None” — d-axis reference current will be set to zero
“Equation-based” — determines d-axis reference current from the flux weakening and MTPA algorithms
New in version R6.
Rectangular type sets d-axis and q-axis current limits independently. Quadratic type sets the q-axis limit based on a quadratic approximation of a circular function.
See also Calculation of q-axis current limit for more information.
New in version R6.
The d-axis current is normalized to maximum current Imax, where Imax = minimum of motor and drive continuous current ratings. It is recommended to set the current limit below the demagnetizing current of the motor.
New in version R6.
The q-axis current limit is allocated as a fraction of current limit Imax, where Imax = minimum of motor and drive continuous current ratings. This is applicable only when rectangular boundary type is enabled.
See also Calculation of q-axis current limit for more information.
New in version R6.
This parameter determines if flux weakening is enabled.
New in version R6.
The voltage amplitude limit used in flux weakening (FW) is normalized to DC link voltage. D-axis current is computed so that the steady-state voltage requirements do not exceed this circular limit. Ideally a limit is chosen so that the motor enters FW operation just before entering overmodulation. Higher limits may prevent the motor from entering FW region. Lower limits guarantee FW operation, at the cost of extra power dissipation.
New in version R6.
This parameter determines if MTPA is enabled.
New in version R6.
MTPA does not have any user-configurable parameters, but does include two display values for indication only:
\(I_{\textnormal{dmax\_mtpa}}\) — displays the maximum d-axis current reference that can occur from MTPA
\(G_{\textnormal{mtpa}}\) — displays the maximum torque gain that can occur from the use of MTPA, relative to the maximum torque with MTPA disabled (\(I_d = 0\)).
Both are generally very small, except for motors that have significant rotor saliency and high flux utilization. The saliency flux utilization coefficient \(\alpha_{\textrm{mtpa}} = (L_q-L_d)I_{\max}/\psi_m\) is a metric of rotor saliency and flux utilization, and represents how much change in air-gap flux can occur, relative to the permanent magnet flux.
The maximum d-axis current and maximum torque gain are approximately proportional to \(\alpha_{\textrm{mtpa}}{}^2\), so doubling the overall current capability \(I_{\max}\) roughly quadruples both the d-axis current requested by MPTA and the contribution of MTPA towards torque.
New in version R6.
See the section on dead-time compensation for more information.
Selects which dead-time compensation method is used, from among the following:
“None” — no dead-time compensation is required
“Per-phase” — uses the per-phase dead-time compensation algorithm
New in version R6.
Determines the maximum amplitude \(I_\delta\) for which a linear range of current is used in calculating unit disturbance signals \(\hat{s}_{abc}\) — see per-phase dead-time compensation and the current linearity range.
New in version R6.
Determines the dead-time compensation gain used in the forward path to mitigate the effects of dead time distortion at high electrical frequencies. Unless this type of dead-time compensation is tested carefully with a specific motor, the default value of zero is recommended. See forward-path gain for more information.
New in version R6.
Determines the dead-time compensation gain used in the feedback path to mitigate the effects of dead time distortion on sensorless estimators at low speeds. Increasing this gain will generally improve sensorless estimator performance at low speeds, but excessive gain may cause the current command to jump to its positive limit. See feedback-path gain for more information.
New in version R6.
Determines the point at which the motor controller shuts down due to insufficient available voltage below its minimum operating voltage.
New in version R5.
Determines the point at which the motor controller shuts down due to excessive voltage above its maximum operating voltage.
New in version R5.
Determines if the state machine enters the FAULT state due to a stall detect condition. Disabling the stall detect feature will exclude stall detect algorithms from the project build, reducing average CPU usage and memory requirements. Prior to MCAF R7, stall detection was enabled by default and not controllable through the Customize page.
New in version R7.
The startup sequence has numerous parameters that can be modified. These are shown in Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2 Graph of current and electrical frequency in startup sequence. (The Weathervane startup algorithm is shown.)¶
Startup current amplitude \(I_{q0}\) represents a tradeoff between making startup robust (higher is better) and reducing power dissipation in the motor (lower is better). There’s not much value in reducing it below 0.5, which specifies half of maximum continuous current.
New in version R4.
Current rampup time \(t_r\) affects only the initial state of startup, in which current increases from zero to its maximum amplitude. The current rampup time should be slow compared to \(L/R\), so that it represents a smooth transition, but fast compared to the overall startup time.
New in version R4.
Some motors, especially those with large inertia and cogging torque, may start more reliably with align time \(t_{\mathrm{aln}} > 0\). The default value of zero is sufficient in most cases.
New in version R5.
Increase the minimum acceleration time \(t_{\mathrm{acc}}\) if a slower, less-aggressive startup is desired.
New in version R4.
Increase or decrease the acceleration rate \(\alpha_1\) to control the faster second phase of acceleration. Slower acceleration is generally less prone to cycle slips, but takes longer.
New in version R4.
Increase or decrease the acceleration rate \(\alpha_0\) to control the slower first phase of acceleration. (Note: this is normalized to \(\alpha_1\).) Slower acceleration is generally less prone to cycle slips, but takes longer.
New in version R4.
The hold time \(t_h\) controls how long the startup sequence
remains in the HOLD state where electrical frequency and current
are both held constant before transitioning to closed-loop commutation.
A value of zero is fine in most cases.
New in version R5.
Decreasing the velocity threshold \(\omega_0\) will switch to the faster second phase of acceleration sooner.
(Note that the threshold \(\omega_{\min}\) is determined by the minimum velocity setting under Operating parameters.)
New in version R4.
The angle converge rate controls how fast the transition from open-loop to closed-loop commutation with the Classic startup method.
Some motors may require a lower value to ensure a smooth transition to closed-loop commutation, typically in the range of 0.1°/ms – 1.0°/ms.
New in version R5.
Classic is the algorithm provided in MCAF R1 – R3. Weathervane transitions to closed-loop more quickly than the Classic algorithm, and was added in R4.
ZS/MT + Initial position correction was added in MCAF R7, and is required by the ZS/MT estimator.
New in version R4.
Controls the amplitude of active damping \(I_\Delta\). Reduce this value if startup is noisy or unstable. Set to zero to eliminate active damping completely.
New in version R4.
Controls the feedback gain of active damping. Reduce this value if startup is noisy or unstable.
New in version R4.
Determines the minimum velocity to enable active damping. Make sure to choose a velocity where the estimator is stable enough to be useful for active damping.
New in version R4.
See the section on overmodulation for more information.
Determines the maximum d-axis voltage. Leaving this at 1.0 is recommended.
New in version R4.
Determines the maximum q-axis voltage. A value between 1.05 and 1.25 is recommended. Larger values will allow higher output voltage amplitude, at the cost of higher distortion in output voltage and current.
The section on overmodulation behavior in the synchronous frame has more information on this subject.
New in version R4.
Determines whether duty cycle feedback for active estimators is obtained after zero sequence modulation (ZSM) and clipping due to overmodulation. If not selected, duty cycle feedback will be obtained before ZSM and clipping.
New in version R7.
See the section on AN1292 Phase-locked Loop (PLL) for more information.
Determines the time constant \(\tau\) used for velocity estimation. This does not affect estimator stability, but it does impact the velocity control loop performance. Lower values of time constant let more noise through, but allow higher-bandwidth velocity loops. Higher values of time constant filter out more noise, but reduce the achievable velocity loop bandwidth.
New in version R5.
Determines the loop filter bandwidth \(\omega_1\) used for angle estimation in the PLL. (Note: this is a different value than the startup velocity, also called \(\omega_1\))
Leaving this value at its default is recommended.
New in version R5.
Determines the maximum velocity for slow filtering in the PLL estimator. Leaving this value at its default is recommended.
New in version R6.
See the section on quadrature encoder support for more information.
This should match the number of lines, or cycles per revolution (CPR), listed in the datasheet of the motor or encoder. The number of counts per revolution is 4× the number of lines.
New in version R4.
Select this option if an index pulse signal is present.
New in version R4.
Values in the 1 ms – 10 ms range are recommended. Smaller values will increase estimator bandwidth but allow more encoder quantization noise to appear in the velocity estimate. Larger values will decrease estimator bandwidth, along with the achievable velocity loop bandwidth, but will decrease the effect of encoder quantization noise.
Note: With MCAF R4, out-of-range errors in code generation will occur for certain combinations of motors with low speed ratings, and choices of tracking loop time constant. This is expected when \(\omega_{m1} \tau < \theta_L\) where \(\theta_L \approx 0.4\ \text{rad}\), where \(\omega_{m1}\) is the rated motor velocity in rad/s, and \(\tau\) is the tracking loop time constant. A viable workaround in most cases is to increase the tracking loop time constant, though this would reduce the velocity loop bandwidth.
For example, a motor with rated velocity of 2000 RPM ≈ 209 rad/s is likely to have out-of-range errors if the tracking loop time constant is less than approximately \(0.4 / 209 = 0.0019\) s or 1.9 ms.
New in version R4.
Align — best general-purpose synchronization method, fastest, sensitive to large cogging torque
Pullout — most immune to cogging torque, sensitive to high inertia
Align-and-sweep — slow, best accuracy
New in version R4.
This determines the align time used for back-emf synchronization. Systems with larger inertia may need longer times. Shorter times (less than 0.5 s) may be adequate for very low inertia systems.
New in version R4.
Increase this angle for systems with high cogging torque. Values of 30° – 60° are recommended.
New in version R4.
Controls the initial electrical angle used during the rampup state of startup. Some angles may be slightly more robust, but this must be determined empirically for a particular motor.
New in version R4.
4 counts per ISR is the fastest, and is adequate for most motors with low cogging torque. Decrease this value for motors with high cogging torque.
New in version R4.
This controls the setup angle prior to making commutation offset measurements. Smaller values may not leave enough time for transients to settle. Larger values will add more time for transients to settle. Increasing it for high-inertia systems may improve accuracy.
New in version R4.
This parameter controls the slip at which pullout offset is measured for determining commutation offset. Slip here is defined as the rate of change of difference in the angle of the stationary frame voltage vector \(V_{\alpha\beta}\) and the raw electrical position from the encoder. Good choices for this parameter depend on the motor’s mechanical properties, namely inertia \(J\), viscous damping \(B\), and friction torque \(T_{fr}\). The slip threshold may need to be increased for motors with low inertia, or decreased for motors with higher inertia. The recommended range for slip threshold is approximately 0.059 to 0.47 rad/s. (0.5× to 4× the default value)
New in version R4.
The following parameters control the behavior of the simple dynamic current limit algorithm. See the section on dynamic current limit for more information.
Peak current — Determines the absolute peak current \(I_{\mathrm{peak}}\).
Horizon current — Determines the horizon current \(I_{\mathrm{horz}}\) used in the simple dynamic current limit algorithm. The current limit relaxes to the horizon current.
Time constant — Relaxation time constant \(\tau\) that determines how fast the current limit relaxes to the horizon current.
Decimation ratio — Determines the decimation ratio \(N\) for executing dynamic current limit algorithm every \(N\) samples of the current control loop.
New in version R7.
Time constant \(\tau_{\mathrm{lpf}}\) for the first-order low-pass filter used to attenuate noise from the output of the current controller \(V_q\).
New in version R7.
Proportional gain \(K_p\) used in the outer loop controller when voltage is the controlled variable. This parameter must be tuned manually; see the section on voltage control for guidance.
New in version R7.
Time constant \(\tau\) used in the outer loop controller when voltage is the controlled variable. This parameter sets the \(K_i\) gain of the voltage controller using \(\tau = K_p/K_i\). This parameter must be tuned manually; see the section on voltage control for guidance.
New in version R7.
See the section on Motion Control API for more information.
Values of the order of 0.1ms – 10ms are recommended. Higher time constant values reduce noise in the Is signal that is made available through MCAPI at the cost of adding some phase delay compared to the sampled value of Is in MCAF.
New in version R6.
Values of the order of 0.1ms – 10ms are recommended. Higher time constant values reduce noise in the Iq signal that is made available through MCAPI at the cost of adding some phase delay compared to the sampled value of Iq in MCAF.
New in version R6.
Determines if the user-defined functions MCAPI_AdcIsrProlog() and MCAPI_AdcIsrEpilog() are called at the
beginning and end, respectively, of every MCAF ISR. These functions are defined in mcapi.c with the “weak”
attribute, and can be redefined by user-written code for purposes such as functional safety.
New in version R7.
Determines the rate at which board service ISR tasks get executed. For further information on board service module please refer to board service module.
New in version R6.
Optional analog inputs, for signals such as phase voltages and absolute reference voltage, are available for sampling on some boards. The optional analog input selection in the Customize page will be limited by the selected board.
New in version R7.
Analog input for sampling the voltage output of the temperature sensor, if available. The temperature sampled from this input is used for triggering an overtemperature fault. There are three parameters associated with this analog input:
Overtemperature threshold — Determines the temperature at which the overtemperature fault will occur
Time constant — Low-pass filter time constant for attenuating the temperature signal
Slew rate — Maximum slew rate of the temperature signal, used for voltage spike rejection
See the section on temperature measurement for more information.
New in version R7.
Analog input for sampling the absolute voltage reference of the board, if available.
New in version R7.
Analog inputs for sampling the voltages on phases A, B, and C, if available.
New in version R7.